Presents evidence that wind-induced waves and currents transport surficial sediments, with paleolimnological reconstructions confirming climate change as a co-driver of lake ecosystem changes that cause eutrophication, leading to destruction of littoral plant species and fish population changes, necessitating measures to reduce nutrient exports. > Water transmission and distribution systems are pressurized hydraulic networks, consisting of pipes and other appurtenant components such as reservoirs, pumps, valves and surge devices. Analysis, design and flow control problems in such systems can best be dealt with using network synthesis. This approach aims to directly determine design variables in order to achieve a specified behaviour of the system under steady state or transient flow conditions. There are enormous advantages to be achieved in applying such a model to a wide variety of problems in engineering practice. The innovative theoretical framework described in this thesis, i.